Add per-stage throughput instrumentation; fix memory-benchmark accuracy

End-to-end throughput says how fast the pipeline is, not which stage is the
reason. The four stages run concurrently behind their own queues, so the
pipeline's rate *is* the slowest stage's rate and the others are invisible in
it. Nothing outside the server can recover them either: known/, unknown/ and
text/ are transient, and a file can cross one between two directory polls, so an
external sampler misses exactly the stages worth measuring.

So the pipeline counts its own work, and bin/bench.jl turns two scrapes into
rates.

- src/stats.jl: per-stage counters (completed/failed, bytes, busy_ns,
  blocked_ns, in_flight) plus intake counters, monotonic since startup in the
  Prometheus style — rates are the reader's job, so a scrape is stateless and
  two readers can't disturb each other. Recorded in worker_loop, the one place
  every stage's work passes through, so a new stage is instrumented the moment
  it is wired up and never on the read path.
- src/server.jl: GET /stats. An ordinary Oxygen route (no body to stream),
  unlike /upload. Intake counts files at the point they become stage 1's
  problem, so intake totals and stage-1 arrivals refer to the same files.
- src/queue.jl: capacity(q) joins length on the introspection seam — a depth of
  900 means nothing without knowing whether the limit is 1000 or 1_000_000.

utilization = (busy - blocked) / (window * workers) is the number that names the
bottleneck: throughput alone can't tell a saturated stage from one starved by
the stage ahead of it, since both report the same files/s. blocked_ns is what
keeps that true. Stages 1 and 3 apply blocking backpressure — a full downstream
queue means parking, not dropping — and that wait is inside the handler, so
counting it as busy would pin stage 1 at 1.0 whenever stage 2 is the real jam,
making every stage upstream of a jam look like the jam. enqueue_blocking! wraps
the retry loop so the wait is measurable at all, and keeps the three routing
paths from drifting into three different backoff behaviours.

Measured (400 mixed files, 16 KiB, concurrency 16): stage 4 is the constraint at
0.87 utilization and 853 ms/file — github-linguist is a process spawn per file —
while stages 1 and 3 idle under 0.10. Verified the blocked accounting against a
deliberately starved server (FS_TEXT_WORKERS=1, FS_TEXT_QUEUE_CAPACITY=2): stage
3 reported 100% blocked at 0.0 utilization rather than looking saturated too.

bin/bench_model.jl: the classifier alone, no server or queue in the way, because
stage 1's 38.7 ms/file cannot plausibly be a 32-64-16-2 MLP. It isn't:
Lux.apply is 2.3 us, read_features 4.2-6.0 us (flat across 1 KiB - 256 MiB, as
the seek-to-tail design intends), classify() 8.4 us — so ~99.98% of stage 1 is
rename, logging and contention, and the file read costs 3x the inference. Two
findings: batching would buy ~13x (179 ns/file at batch 512 vs 2.34 us at batch
1), and inference does not scale past ~4 threads. A pure-compute control kernel
runs the same sweep to place the blame — it reaches 14.3x at 16 tasks on this
box, so the machine parallelizes and Lux.apply does not. BLAS threads and GC are
both ruled out; the cause is inside Lux and is not diagnosed here.

Three bugs in the memory measurement, all of which produced wrong answers that
looked plausible:

- detect_pid matched any process with the launch command in its argv, including
  the shell that started the server — one run reported 3.64 MiB as the server's
  memory. Candidates are now filtered by /proc/<pid>/comm, what the process is
  rather than what its arguments say; no pattern over argv can do that.
- Baseline RSS was read *before* clear_refs reset the peak counter, so the two
  numbers had different origins. The 2 GiB run reported -1.01 MiB of growth;
  reading the baseline after the reset makes it 31.3 MiB.
- Negative growth is now reported as "none measurable" rather than a negative
  figure, which reads as a memory saving.

Re-measuring with those fixed keeps the claim that matters — growth is flat in
file size (14-31 MiB from 256 MiB to 2 GiB), so nothing is buffering — but the
concurrency coefficient does not survive: a freshly started server settles
anywhere in an ~860-985 MiB band, so baseline variance is comparable to the
growth being measured, and the old table quoted megabyte precision the
measurement never supported. README now states the shape, requires a ~30s settle
before a memory run, and says plainly that linear-in-concurrency is
undemonstrated rather than leaving an authoritative-looking number.

README also gains a single runnable sequence for all three harnesses: the server
prerequisite was never shown inline, so following the benchmarking section
top-to-bottom just produced "cannot reach /health".

Tests: 276 pass (41 new) — the blocked-vs-busy split, worker_loop draining
in_flight through a throwing handler, and the JSON round-trip of the field names
bench.jl reads.
This commit is contained in:
2026-08-02 23:49:16 -04:00
parent 0d8eba05b8
commit c5d488d9b4
9 changed files with 1312 additions and 54 deletions

View File

@@ -11,7 +11,16 @@
# (done/, text_done/, binary/, failed/), not the response rate. We upload a
# corpus, then poll the sinks until the file count stops moving.
#
# 2. Memory should be flat in file size, and that claim needs checking on two
# 2. End-to-end throughput doesn't name the slow stage. The four stages run
# concurrently behind their own queues, so the pipeline's rate is the
# slowest stage's rate and the others are invisible. Directory polling can't
# recover them either — known/, unknown/ and text/ are transient, and a file
# can cross one between two samples. So the server keeps per-stage counters
# (src/stats.jl) and we scrape GET /stats before and after: the deltas give
# each stage's throughput, mean service time, and worker utilization, and
# utilization is what actually names the bottleneck (see `stage_report`).
#
# 3. Memory should be flat in file size, and that claim needs checking on two
# axes. The workers read bounded prefixes (16+16 bytes to classify, 8 KB to
# sniff, 64 KB to language-detect), and intake streams each upload from the
# socket to the spool file a chunk at a time (FS_UPLOAD_CHUNK_BYTES, see
@@ -24,9 +33,10 @@
# over, and a 256 MiB upload grew RSS by ~700 MiB. If a --size sweep ever
# slopes upward again, something has started buffering.)
#
# This is an external harness: it makes no assumptions about the server beyond
# the HTTP contract and the on-disk sink layout, and requires no changes to src/.
# It must run on the same machine as the server (it reads sink dirs and /proc).
# The harness talks to the server only over HTTP (/upload, /health, /stats) and
# reads the on-disk sink layout; it must run on the same machine (sink dirs and
# /proc). If /stats is missing — an older build — everything else still works and
# the per-stage section is skipped.
#
# Usage:
# julia --project=. -t auto bin/bench.jl [options]
@@ -41,6 +51,7 @@
# --keep-corpus don't delete the generated corpus on exit
# --pid PID server pid for memory sampling (default: autodetect)
# --no-mem skip memory sampling entirely
# --no-stats skip the per-stage /stats scrape and its table
# --sample-ms MS sink/RSS sampling interval (default: 200)
# --timeout SEC give up after this long with no drain progress (default: 120)
# --json PATH also write the results as JSON
@@ -74,13 +85,14 @@ const DEFAULTS = Dict{String,Any}(
"keep-corpus" => false,
"pid" => nothing,
"no-mem" => false,
"no-stats" => false,
"sample-ms" => 200,
"timeout" => 120,
"json" => nothing,
"force" => false,
)
const FLAGS = ("keep-corpus", "no-mem", "force")
const FLAGS = ("keep-corpus", "no-mem", "no-stats", "force")
# Approximate RSS of a freshly started server (Lux + the loaded classifier + the
# language detector, measured on Julia 1.12 / -t auto). Only used to notice that
@@ -180,14 +192,35 @@ function read_rss(pid::Int)
return (rss === nothing || hwm === nothing) ? nothing : (rss, hwm)
end
"Find the running server process, or `nothing`."
"""
Find the running server process, or `nothing`.
`pgrep -f` matches against the whole command line, which catches more than the
server: any shell launched with the command in its own argv (`sh -c 'julia …
bin/server.jl > log'`, a `setsid`/`nohup` wrapper, even the terminal running the
benchmark) matches the same pattern. Sampling one of those reports a few MiB of
shell as the server's memory — a wrong answer that looks plausible, which is the
worst kind.
So candidates are filtered by what each process *is* (`/proc/<pid>/comm`, the
executable name) rather than by what its arguments say. No pattern over argv can
make that distinction.
"""
function detect_pid()
out = try
readchomp(`pgrep -f "bin/server.jl"`)
catch
return nothing
end
pids = parse.(Int, split(out))
candidates = parse.(Int, split(out))
pids = filter(candidates) do pid
comm = try
readchomp("/proc/$pid/comm")
catch
return false # exited between pgrep and here
end
startswith(comm, "julia")
end
isempty(pids) && return nothing
length(pids) > 1 && @warn "multiple server processes matched; sampling the first" pids
return first(pids)
@@ -210,6 +243,130 @@ function reset_peak_rss(pid::Int)::Bool
end
end
# ------------------------------------------------------------- per-stage counters
#
# The server exposes monotonic counters at GET /stats (src/stats.jl). Rates are
# ours to compute: scrape once before the run and once after, subtract, divide by
# the elapsed *server* clock so a slow scrape doesn't distort the window.
"Fetch and parse GET /stats, or `nothing` if the server doesn't serve it."
function scrape_stats(url::String)
try
resp = HTTP.get(string(rstrip(url, '/'), "/stats");
status_exception = false, retry = false, readtimeout = 5)
resp.status == 200 || return nothing
return JSON3.read(String(resp.body))
catch
return nothing
end
end
"One stage's activity between two scrapes."
struct StageDelta
stage::Int
name::String
workers::Int
completed::Int
failed::Int
bytes::Int
busy::Float64 # summed handler seconds across all workers in the pool
blocked::Float64 # of `busy`, seconds parked on a full downstream queue
peak_depth::Int # deepest its queue got, from the sampler
capacity::Int
end
files_per_sec(d::StageDelta, window) = d.completed / max(window, 1e-9)
mib_per_sec(d::StageDelta, window) = d.bytes / max(window, 1e-9) / 1024^2
"Mean wall time one file spends in one worker of this stage."
service_ms(d::StageDelta) = d.completed == 0 ? NaN :
(d.busy - d.blocked) / d.completed * 1000
"""
Fraction of the pool's capacity spent doing this stage's own work.
Blocked time is subtracted first: a stage parked on a full downstream queue is
waiting, not working, and leaving it in would light up every stage upstream of a
jam as though each were the jam.
"""
utilization(d::StageDelta, window) =
(d.busy - d.blocked) / max(window * d.workers, 1e-9)
blocked_share(d::StageDelta) = d.busy <= 0 ? 0.0 : d.blocked / d.busy
"Subtract two scrapes into per-stage deltas, folding in sampled peak depths."
function stage_deltas(before, after, peak_depth::Dict{Int,Int})
out = StageDelta[]
for (b, a) in zip(before.stages, after.stages)
push!(out, StageDelta(a.stage, String(a.name), a.workers,
a.completed - b.completed,
a.failed - b.failed,
a.bytes - b.bytes,
a.busy_seconds - b.busy_seconds,
a.blocked_seconds - b.blocked_seconds,
get(peak_depth, Int(a.stage), 0),
a.queue_capacity))
end
return out
end
"JSON has no NaN. A stage that completed nothing has no service time, and `null`
is the honest way to say that — writing NaN just makes JSON3 throw."
json_num(x::Real) = isfinite(x) ? x : nothing
pad(s, n) = rpad(string(s), n)
lpad_(s, n) = lpad(string(s), n)
"""
Print the per-stage table and say which stage is the bottleneck.
The verdict reads utilization, not throughput: in a pipeline every stage
completes the same files, so at steady state they all report nearly the same
files/s regardless of which one is the constraint. What separates them is how
hard each pool had to work to keep up — the bottleneck is pinned near 1.0 while
its neighbours idle.
"""
function stage_report(deltas::Vector{StageDelta}, window::Float64)
println("PER-STAGE (server counters, delta over the end-to-end window)")
println(" stage files/s MiB/s svc ms util blocked peak queue failed")
for d in deltas
svc = service_ms(d)
println(" $(d.stage) $(pad(d.name, 10)) " *
lpad_(fmt(files_per_sec(d, window)), 8) * " " *
lpad_(fmt(mib_per_sec(d, window)), 8) * " " *
lpad_(isnan(svc) ? "" : fmt(svc, 1), 8) * " " *
lpad_(fmt(utilization(d, window)), 6) * " " *
lpad_(fmt(blocked_share(d) * 100, 0) * "%", 7) * " " *
lpad_("$(d.peak_depth)/$(d.capacity)", 11) * " " *
lpad_(d.failed, 7))
end
# Per-stage files/s are not comparable across rows and saying so costs one
# line: the stages process different subsets (stage 2 only known files,
# stage 4 only text), so a low rate can mean "little work arrived here"
# rather than "slow". Utilization is the column that compares.
println(" (files/s counts only files routed to that stage; svc is per-file wall time in")
println(" one worker; util = (busy blocked) / (window × workers))")
worked = filter(d -> d.completed > 0, deltas)
if isempty(worked)
println(" (no stage completed a file in this window)")
return nothing
end
top = argmax(d -> utilization(d, window), worked)
println(" bottleneck stage $(top.stage) ($(top.name)) at " *
"$(fmt(utilization(top, window) * 100, 0))% utilization of " *
"$(top.workers) worker(s)")
if utilization(top, window) < 0.5
println(" — but no stage is near saturated: the pipeline is " *
"waiting on intake,\n not on itself. Raise --concurrency " *
"or --files to load it properly.")
end
for d in worked
blocked_share(d) > 0.25 && println(" ! stage $(d.stage) ($(d.name)) spent " *
"$(fmt(blocked_share(d) * 100, 0))% of its time parked on a full downstream " *
"queue —\n it is being held up by the stage after it, not doing that work itself.")
end
return nothing
end
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------ corpus
const WORDS = split("the quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog while parsing " *
@@ -385,10 +542,16 @@ function main(argv)
r = read_rss(pid)
r === nothing && (@warn "cannot read /proc/$pid/status; skipping memory"; pid = nothing)
if pid !== nothing
baseline_rss = r[1]
peak_reset = reset_peak_rss(pid)
peak_reset || @warn "could not reset the peak-RSS counter (/proc/$pid/clear_refs); " *
"reporting sampled RSS only"
# Baseline is read *after* the reset, not before. VmHWM restarts
# from whatever RSS is at the moment of the reset, so a baseline
# sampled earlier is measured against a different origin — and if
# the GC hands memory back in between, the run reports negative
# growth, which is nonsense on its face.
r2 = read_rss(pid)
baseline_rss = r2 === nothing ? r[1] : r2[1]
end
end
@@ -400,10 +563,18 @@ function main(argv)
base_sinks = counts(sinks)
interval = opts["sample-ms"] / 1000
# --- sampler: RSS curve + stage depths, for bottleneck attribution.
# --- per-stage counters: the "before" half of the delta.
stats_before = opts["no-stats"] ? nothing : scrape_stats(url)
if stats_before === nothing && !opts["no-stats"]
@warn "no /stats endpoint on this server; skipping the per-stage table " *
"(the server predates src/stats.jl)"
end
# --- sampler: RSS curve, stage dir depths, and queue depths.
stop = Threads.Atomic{Bool}(false)
rss_samples = Float64[]
depth_max = Dict(k => 0 for k in keys(stages))
queue_peak = Dict{Int,Int}()
sampler = Threads.@spawn begin
while !stop[]
if pid !== nothing
@@ -414,6 +585,17 @@ function main(argv)
for k in keys(d)
depth_max[k] = max(depth_max[k], getfield(d, k))
end
# Queue depth, unlike directory depth, can't be missed by a slow
# sample in the same way — a file's *reference* sits in the queue
# for the whole time it waits — so this is the depth the stage
# table reports.
if stats_before !== nothing
s = scrape_stats(url)
s === nothing || for st in s.stages
k = Int(st.stage)
queue_peak[k] = max(get(queue_peak, k, 0), Int(st.queue_depth))
end
end
sleep(interval)
end
end
@@ -455,12 +637,25 @@ function main(argv)
break
end
end
# Scrape before stopping the sampler, so the window closes as near the
# last completion as we can manage.
stats_after = stats_before === nothing ? nothing : scrape_stats(url)
stop[] = true
wait(sampler)
sink_delta = deltas(counts(sinks), base_sinks)
e2e_secs = t_last_completion - t_start
# The stage window is the server's own clock across the two scrapes, not
# e2e_secs: it starts a scrape earlier and ends a scrape later, and using
# our wall time against its counters would misattribute the difference.
stage_window, stage_delta = if stats_after === nothing
(0.0, StageDelta[])
else
(Float64(stats_after.now - stats_before.now),
stage_deltas(stats_before, stats_after, queue_peak))
end
final_rss = pid === nothing ? nothing : read_rss(pid)
peak_rss = if final_rss !== nothing && peak_reset
final_rss[2] # kernel VmHWM: catches spikes between samples
@@ -493,19 +688,33 @@ function main(argv)
"$(fmt(corpusbytes / max(e2e_secs, 1e-9) / 1024^2)) MiB/s")
println(" sinks done $(sink_delta.done) text_done $(sink_delta.text_done) " *
"binary $(sink_delta.binary) failed $(sink_delta.failed)")
println(" peak depth spool $(depth_max[:spool]) known $(depth_max[:known]) " *
println(" peak dir depth spool $(depth_max[:spool]) known $(depth_max[:known]) " *
"unknown $(depth_max[:unknown]) text $(depth_max[:text])")
println(" (the stage that backs up is the bottleneck)")
println()
if !isempty(stage_delta)
stage_report(stage_delta, stage_window)
println()
end
if peak_rss !== nothing
println("SERVER MEMORY (pid $pid)")
println(" baseline RSS $(human(baseline_rss))")
println(" peak RSS $(human(peak_rss))" *
(peak_reset ? " (kernel VmHWM, reset at start)" : " (sampled — may miss spikes)"))
println(" growth $(human(peak_rss - baseline_rss))")
println(" per in-flight $(human((peak_rss - baseline_rss) / opts["concurrency"])) " *
"at $(human(corpusbytes / length(paths))) avg file size")
println(" (should not grow with file size — intake streams to disk)")
growth = peak_rss - baseline_rss
if growth <= 0
# RSS never got back to where it started, so the run's own cost
# is below the noise floor of the server settling after startup.
# Printing a negative "growth" would invite reading a memory
# *saving* into what is really "too small to measure here".
println(" growth none measurable (peak never exceeded the baseline)")
println(" The baseline was still falling when we sampled it — give the")
println(" server ~30s to settle after startup for a comparable figure.")
else
println(" growth $(human(growth))")
println(" per in-flight $(human(growth / opts["concurrency"])) " *
"at $(human(corpusbytes / length(paths))) avg file size")
println(" (should not grow with file size — intake streams to disk)")
end
# Julia's GC returns memory to the OS lazily, so a second run on the
# same process starts from an inflated baseline and under-reports
# growth. Absolute peak is the number to trust across runs.
@@ -531,13 +740,24 @@ function main(argv)
avg_file_bytes = corpusbytes / length(paths),
intake = (; accepted, n_202, n_503, n_err, seconds = intake_secs,
files_per_sec = accepted / max(intake_secs, 1e-9),
p50_ms = percentile(lat, 0.5) * 1000,
p95_ms = percentile(lat, 0.95) * 1000,
max_ms = percentile(lat, 1.0) * 1000),
p50_ms = json_num(percentile(lat, 0.5) * 1000),
p95_ms = json_num(percentile(lat, 0.95) * 1000),
max_ms = json_num(percentile(lat, 1.0) * 1000)),
end_to_end = (; completed, seconds = e2e_secs, timed_out,
files_per_sec = completed / max(e2e_secs, 1e-9),
mib_per_sec = corpusbytes / max(e2e_secs, 1e-9) / 1024^2,
sinks = sink_delta, peak_stage_depth = depth_max),
stages = [(; stage = d.stage, name = d.name, workers = d.workers,
completed = d.completed, failed = d.failed, bytes = d.bytes,
busy_seconds = d.busy, blocked_seconds = d.blocked,
window_seconds = stage_window,
files_per_sec = files_per_sec(d, stage_window),
mib_per_sec = mib_per_sec(d, stage_window),
service_ms = json_num(service_ms(d)),
utilization = utilization(d, stage_window),
blocked_share = blocked_share(d),
peak_queue_depth = d.peak_depth,
queue_capacity = d.capacity) for d in stage_delta],
memory = (; pid, baseline_rss, peak_rss, peak_is_kernel_hwm = peak_reset,
growth = peak_rss === nothing ? nothing : peak_rss - baseline_rss,
samples = rss_samples),

427
bin/bench_model.jl Executable file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
#!/usr/bin/env julia
#
# bench_model.jl — microbenchmark the classifier in isolation, with no server,
# no queue, and no disk in the way.
#
# bin/bench.jl measures the *pipeline*: it reports stage 1 as one number, the
# wall time of `handle_classify_job`, which is feature reads + inference + a
# rename + a log line, under whatever thread contention the other three pools are
# creating. That number is the right one for capacity planning and the wrong one
# for answering "is the model slow?". This script answers that question by taking
# the model apart:
#
# read_features open, read 16 bytes, seek, read 16 bytes, scale
# Lux.apply the network itself, on a feature vector already in memory
# classify both together — what stage 1 actually calls per file
#
# Three properties are worth checking beyond the raw per-file cost:
#
# * Feature reads should be flat in file size. read_features seeks to the tail
# rather than slurping, so a 1 GiB file should cost the same as a 1 KiB one.
# (This is the same claim bin/bench.jl makes about memory, on the CPU axis.)
# * Batching should be much cheaper per file. A 32x1 matmul wastes most of a
# BLAS call; if batch-64 inference is many times cheaper per file, that is
# the headroom a batching stage-1 would buy — worth knowing before building
# one, since today the pipeline classifies strictly one file at a time.
# * Inference should scale across threads. `Classifier` is shared read-only by
# the whole stage-1 pool on the claim that Lux inference is pure. If per-file
# cost degrades as tasks are added, that claim holds but BLAS threading is
# fighting the worker pool, and stage-1 workers are contending, not scaling.
#
# Usage:
# julia --project=. -t auto bin/bench_model.jl [options]
#
# --model PATH classifier artifact (default: $FS_MODEL_PATH or model/classifier.jld2)
# --reps N inference calls per timed trial (default: 20000)
# --trials N timed trials; the minimum is reported (default: 5)
# --batches LIST batch sizes to sweep, comma-separated (default: 1,8,64,512)
# --sizes LIST file sizes for the read_features sweep (default: 1k,64k,4m,256m)
# --no-threads skip the thread-scaling sweep
# --json PATH also write the results as JSON
#
# Reported times are the *minimum* over trials: for a microbenchmark the floor is
# the signal and everything above it is scheduler and GC noise.
using JSON3
using Random
using Statistics
using Printf
# The script is run directly, not as part of the package, so pull in exactly the
# pieces the classifier needs. `Lux`/`JLD2` first — model.jl and classify.jl both
# assume the including scope already has them (see the note at the top of model.jl).
using Lux
using JLD2
using LinearAlgebra
const SRC = joinpath(dirname(@__DIR__), "src")
include(joinpath(SRC, "model.jl"))
include(joinpath(SRC, "classify.jl"))
# ---------------------------------------------------------------- option parsing
const DEFAULTS = Dict{String,Any}(
"model" => get(ENV, "FS_MODEL_PATH", "model/classifier.jld2"),
"reps" => 20_000,
"trials" => 5,
"batches" => "1,8,64,512",
"sizes" => "1k,64k,4m,256m",
"no-threads" => false,
"json" => nothing,
)
const FLAGS = ("no-threads",)
function parse_size(s::AbstractString)::Int
m = match(r"^(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)\s*([kKmMgG]?)[bB]?$", strip(s))
m === nothing && error("bad size: $s (expected e.g. 512, 64k, 8m, 1g)")
mult = Dict('k' => 1024, 'm' => 1024^2, 'g' => 1024^3)
scale = isempty(m[2]) ? 1 : mult[lowercase(m[2])[1]]
return round(Int, parse(Float64, m[1]) * scale)
end
function parse_args(argv)
opts = copy(DEFAULTS)
i = 1
while i <= length(argv)
a = argv[i]
startswith(a, "--") || error("unexpected argument: $a")
key = a[3:end]
haskey(opts, key) || error("unknown option: $a")
if key in FLAGS
opts[key] = true; i += 1; continue
end
i + 1 <= length(argv) || error("option --$key needs a value")
opts[key] = key in ("reps", "trials") ? parse(Int, argv[i+1]) : argv[i+1]
i += 2
end
return opts
end
# ------------------------------------------------------------------- measurement
# Every timed loop stores its result here. Without a visible side effect the
# compiler is free to hoist a pure call out of the loop and we would be timing an
# empty `for`.
const SINK = Ref{Any}(nothing)
"""
measure(f, reps; trials) -> (ns_per_op, bytes_per_op)
Time `f` over `reps` calls, `trials` times, and report the fastest trial.
The first call is thrown away: it pays Julia's JIT compilation, which on a
function this small is orders of magnitude more than the thing being measured.
"""
function measure(f, reps::Int; trials::Int = 5)
SINK[] = f() # warm up (compile), and keep the result
best = Inf
for _ in 1:trials
GC.gc()
t0 = time_ns()
for _ in 1:reps
SINK[] = f()
end
best = min(best, (time_ns() - t0) / reps)
end
bytes = @allocated(SINK[] = f()) # one call, after warmup
return (Float64(best), Float64(bytes))
end
# ------------------------------------------------------------------- formatting
function human_time(ns::Real)
ns < 1_000 && return @sprintf("%.0f ns", ns)
ns < 1_000_000 && return @sprintf("%.2f µs", ns / 1e3)
ns < 1e9 && return @sprintf("%.2f ms", ns / 1e6)
return @sprintf("%.2f s", ns / 1e9)
end
human_bytes(b::Real) = b < 1024 ? @sprintf("%.0f B", b) :
b < 1024^2 ? @sprintf("%.1f KiB", b / 1024) :
@sprintf("%.1f MiB", b / 1024^2)
rate(ns::Real) = 1e9 / max(ns, 1e-9) # calls per second
function human_rate(r::Real)
r >= 1e6 && return @sprintf("%.2fM/s", r / 1e6)
r >= 1e3 && return @sprintf("%.1fk/s", r / 1e3)
return @sprintf("%.0f/s", r)
end
fmt2(x::Real) = @sprintf("%.2f", x)
# ------------------------------------------------------------- scaling control
"""
control_kernel(x) -> Float64
Pure arithmetic, no allocation, no library call — deliberately dependent
(each step needs the last) so the compiler can't vectorize it away, and sized to
land in the same microsecond neighbourhood as one `Lux.apply`.
"""
function control_kernel(x::Float64)
a = x
@inbounds for i in 1:600
a = sqrt(a + i)
end
return a
end
"""
control_scaling(trials) -> Vector
Run `control_kernel` over the same task counts as the model sweep. This is the
machine's own ceiling for perfectly parallel work: if the control scales and the
model doesn't, the shortfall is the model's, and no amount of `FS_WORKERS` will
recover it.
"""
function control_scaling(trials::Int)
rows = []
base = 0.0
per_task = 200_000
for k in unique([1; 2; 4; 8; Threads.nthreads()])
k > Threads.nthreads() && continue
best = Inf
for _ in 1:trials
GC.gc()
t0 = time_ns()
@sync for _ in 1:k
Threads.@spawn begin
local acc = 0.0
for i in 1:per_task
acc += control_kernel(i % 97 + 1.0)
end
SINK[] = acc
end
end
best = min(best, Float64(time_ns() - t0))
end
r = k * per_task / (best / 1e9)
k == 1 && (base = r)
push!(rows, (; tasks = k, ops_per_sec = r, speedup = r / base))
end
return rows
end
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------- corpus
"""
Write a file of exactly `size` random bytes, in bounded chunks.
Content is random rather than zeros so the classifier sees a realistic input —
and so the filesystem can't cheat with a sparse file, which would make the tail
`seek` unrepresentatively fast.
"""
function write_file(path::AbstractString, size::Int, rng)
chunk = 1024 * 1024
open(path, "w") do io
remaining = size
while remaining > 0
n = min(chunk, remaining)
write(io, rand(rng, UInt8, n))
remaining -= n
end
end
return path
end
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------- main
function main(argv)
opts = parse_args(argv)
modelpath = String(opts["model"])
isfile(modelpath) || (println(stderr, "model artifact not found: $modelpath"); return 1)
reps, trials = opts["reps"], opts["trials"]
batches = [parse(Int, s) for s in split(String(opts["batches"]), ",")]
sizes = [parse_size(s) for s in split(String(opts["sizes"]), ",")]
clf = load_classifier(modelpath)
println("model $modelpath")
println("architecture $(FEATURE_DIM) → 64 → 16 → 2 (Dense/relu, raw logits)")
println("julia threads $(Threads.nthreads()) BLAS threads $(BLAS.get_num_threads())")
println("timing min of $trials trials × $reps reps")
println("=" ^ 72)
results = Dict{String,Any}()
# --- 1. inference alone, one file at a time: the number the pipeline pays.
x1 = rand(Float32, FEATURE_DIM, 1)
infer_ns, infer_bytes = measure(reps; trials) do
Lux.apply(clf.model, x1, clf.ps, clf.st)
end
println()
println("INFERENCE (Lux.apply, batch 1 — features already in memory)")
println(" per call $(human_time(infer_ns)) $(human_rate(rate(infer_ns)))")
println(" allocations $(human_bytes(infer_bytes)) per call")
results["inference_batch1"] = (; ns = infer_ns, bytes = infer_bytes, per_sec = rate(infer_ns))
# --- 2. batching: how much of that is per-call overhead rather than math?
println()
println("INFERENCE BATCHED (same net, N files per apply)")
println(" batch per batch per file files/s speedup")
batch_rows = []
for b in batches
xb = rand(Float32, FEATURE_DIM, b)
ns, _ = measure(max(1, reps ÷ b); trials) do
Lux.apply(clf.model, xb, clf.ps, clf.st)
end
per_file = ns / b
@printf(" %8d %13s %12s %13s %7.1fx\n",
b, human_time(ns), human_time(per_file),
human_rate(rate(per_file)), infer_ns / per_file)
push!(batch_rows, (; batch = b, ns_per_batch = ns, ns_per_file = per_file,
files_per_sec = rate(per_file), speedup = infer_ns / per_file))
end
results["batched"] = batch_rows
println(" (a large speedup is headroom a batching stage 1 could claim; the pipeline")
println(" classifies one file per job today, so it pays the batch-1 row above)")
# --- 3. feature reads: should be flat in file size (seek, not slurp).
println()
println("FEATURE READS (read_features: 16 head + 16 tail bytes, scaled)")
println(" file size per call calls/s allocations")
read_rows = []
dir = mktempdir(; prefix = "fsmodel-")
try
rng = MersenneTwister(1234)
for sz in sizes
path = write_file(joinpath(dir, "f-$sz.bin"), sz, rng)
# Fewer reps for the big files: this touches the page cache, and the
# point is the shape of the curve, not another digit of precision.
r = max(200, reps ÷ 20)
ns, bytes = measure(() -> read_features(path), r; trials)
@printf(" %13s %14s %14s %14s\n",
human_bytes(sz), human_time(ns), human_rate(rate(ns)), human_bytes(bytes))
push!(read_rows, (; size_bytes = sz, ns, bytes, per_sec = rate(ns)))
end
finally
rm(dir; recursive = true, force = true)
end
results["read_features"] = read_rows
flat = length(read_rows) > 1 ?
maximum(r.ns for r in read_rows) / minimum(r.ns for r in read_rows) : 1.0
@printf(" spread across a %.0fx size range: %.1fx — %s\n",
maximum(sizes) / minimum(sizes), flat,
flat < 3 ? "flat, as designed (it seeks to the tail)" :
"NOT flat: something is reading more than 32 bytes")
# --- 4. classify(): what stage 1 calls, I/O and inference together.
println()
println("CLASSIFY (read_features + Lux.apply — one whole stage-1 file)")
dir2 = mktempdir(; prefix = "fsmodel-")
classify_ns = 0.0
try
path = write_file(joinpath(dir2, "sample.bin"), 64 * 1024, MersenneTwister(7))
classify_ns, classify_bytes = measure(() -> classify(clf, path), max(200, reps ÷ 20); trials)
println(" per file $(human_time(classify_ns)) $(human_rate(rate(classify_ns)))")
println(" allocations $(human_bytes(classify_bytes)) per file")
@printf(" split %.0f%% feature read, %.0f%% inference\n",
100 * (classify_ns - infer_ns) / classify_ns, 100 * infer_ns / classify_ns)
results["classify"] = (; ns = classify_ns, bytes = classify_bytes, per_sec = rate(classify_ns))
finally
rm(dir2; recursive = true, force = true)
end
# --- 5. thread scaling: does the shared read-only Classifier actually scale?
if !opts["no-threads"] && Threads.nthreads() > 1
println()
println("THREAD SCALING (concurrent Lux.apply on the one shared Classifier)")
println(" tasks files/s per file speedup efficiency GC")
thread_rows = []
base = 0.0
for k in unique([1; 2; 4; 8; Threads.nthreads()])
k > Threads.nthreads() && continue
# Work per task is held *constant* as tasks are added, so total work
# scales with `k`. Splitting a fixed total instead would shrink each
# task as the pool grows until `@spawn`/`@sync` overhead dominated,
# and the resulting curve would show a collapse that is the
# measurement's fault rather than the model's.
per_task = max(reps, 20_000)
# Each task gets its own input so we measure the model, not cache
# line ping-pong on a shared buffer.
xs = [rand(Float32, FEATURE_DIM, 1) for _ in 1:k]
best, best_gc = Inf, 0.0
for _ in 1:trials
GC.gc()
# Julia's GC stops the world, so it is the one cost that cannot
# be parallelized away: measuring its share here is what turns a
# bad efficiency number into a diagnosis (see the note below).
gc0 = Base.gc_num().total_time
t0 = time_ns()
@sync for t in 1:k
Threads.@spawn begin
local acc = 0.0f0
for _ in 1:per_task
y, _ = Lux.apply(clf.model, xs[t], clf.ps, clf.st)
acc += y[1] # consume the result
end
SINK[] = acc
end
end
elapsed = Float64(time_ns() - t0)
if elapsed < best
best = elapsed
best_gc = Float64(Base.gc_num().total_time - gc0)
end
end
files = k * per_task
fps = files / (best / 1e9)
k == 1 && (base = fps)
@printf(" %8d %13s %11s %7.2fx %10.0f%% %5.0f%%\n",
k, human_rate(fps), human_time(best / files), fps / base,
100 * fps / base / k, 100 * best_gc / best)
push!(thread_rows, (; tasks = k, files_per_sec = fps,
ns_per_file = best / files, speedup = fps / base,
gc_fraction = best_gc / best))
end
results["thread_scaling"] = thread_rows
# A poor scaling curve has two possible authors — the model or the box —
# and the table alone can't tell them apart. So run the same sweep on a
# kernel that is pure arithmetic with no allocation and no library
# underneath: whatever *it* achieves is this machine's ceiling for
# embarrassingly parallel work, and the gap between the two curves is
# the part that belongs to Lux.apply.
ctrl = control_scaling(trials)
results["control_scaling"] = ctrl
top = last(ctrl)
println(" control pure-compute kernel, same sweep: " *
"$(fmt2(top.speedup))x at $(top.tasks) tasks " *
"($(round(Int, 100 * top.speedup / top.tasks))% efficiency)")
model_top = last(thread_rows)
if model_top.speedup < 0.6 * top.speedup
println(" → the machine parallelizes; Lux.apply does not. Stage-1")
println(" workers past ~4 buy little, whatever FS_WORKERS says.")
else
println(" → inference tracks the machine's own scaling ceiling.")
end
gc_top = maximum(r.gc_fraction for r in thread_rows)
gc_top > 0.15 && println(" ! GC is $(round(Int, 100 * gc_top))% of the " *
"worst case: apply allocates per call, and\n" *
" collection stops every thread.")
end
println()
println("=" ^ 72)
println("Stage 1's cost per file in bin/bench.jl is this classify() figure plus a")
println("rename, a log line, and whatever contention the other three pools create.")
println("A large gap between the two is pipeline overhead, not the model.")
if opts["json"] !== nothing
results["meta"] = (; model = modelpath, feature_dim = FEATURE_DIM,
julia_threads = Threads.nthreads(),
blas_threads = BLAS.get_num_threads(),
reps, trials)
open(String(opts["json"]), "w") do io
JSON3.write(io, results)
end
println("\nwrote $(opts["json"])")
end
return 0
end
if abspath(PROGRAM_FILE) == @__FILE__
exit(main(ARGS))
end